BACKGROUND

Electrical energy collected from thermoelectric generators and solar cells should be efficiently stored for CO2 conversion. Conventionally, the energy storage system should be formed by the battery pack that can smooth the fluctuation of electric energy caused by the fluctuation of the solar light intensity or temperature difference for thermoelectrics and can also compensate for the voltage dip or sudden rise in the power system. However, its service life is shorter, and the cost is higher with potential pollution. As well, due to the unstable input voltage of solar or thermoelectric energy, advanced environmentally-friendly batteries are selected as the energy storage devices. The power performance of proton and lithium-ion batteries is much better than that of conventional batteries, the charging speed is fast, there is no over-discharge problem, and they can be charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times. There are natural advantages in application, absorbing all the electricity generated by the above generations, achieving the purpose of energy saving and environmental protection in a real sense. Therefore, the use of proton and lithium-ion batteries in the solar photovoltaic and thermoelectric generation system will make it more feasible for efficient power generation. The current issues of proton and lithium-ion batteries include their high product cost, relatively low energy density, and potential impact on ecological environment problems (safety issues). This is a main objective of this Hub and will be addressed by two approaches: (1) fabricating cost-effective, safe, and high-power-density batteries; (2) improving the manufacturing process such as nitride treatment to reduce the hazard to the environment.